The Presidents

• 1944 Truman (D)
• 1952 Eisenhower (R)
• 1960 Kennedy (D)
• 1964 Johnson (D)
• 1968 Nixon (R)
• 1974 Ford (R)
• 1976 Carter (D)
• 1980 Reagan (R)
• 1988 Bush, 1992 Clinton, 2000 Bush

TRUMAN

• Cold War
• Truman Doctrine - Containment
• The Marshall Plan
• NATO
• Berlin blockade and air lift
• The Red Scare – McCarthy - Blacklists
• Alger Hiss (State Dept) -guilty of spying
• Coal miners strike – T. seized mines
• Korean War - MacArthur

EISENHOWER

• Interstate highway system
• Conformity, consensus of values
• Termination – Native Americans
• Brown v Board, overturns_____
• Rosa Parks, Montgomery bus boycott
• ML King, Jim Crow, Thoreau, Gandhi
• Greensboro 1960 Woolworth’s sit in
• J F Dulles – Massive retaliation, brinkmanship, domino theory, deterrence
• Kruschev "peaceful coexistence"
• Warning: "Military industrial complex"

KENNEDY

• Camelot – New Frontier
• Bay of Pigs
• Berlin Wall
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Peace Corps (nation building)
• SCLC, CORE (Freedom Riders), SNCC
• Civil Rights Act, 1964

JOHNSON

• Civil Rights Act, 1964
• Voting Rights Act, 1965
• "Great Society"
• War on Poverty, Project Head Start, Job Corps, VISTA
• Warren Court Miranda, Gideon, Engel
• SNCC and CORE – no longer goal of integration, but Black Power – Malcolm X
• 1968 ML King assassination
• New Left, Feminism, Counterculture SDS
• More JOHNSON
• NOW, Feminine Mystique, 1963
• ERA, Roe v Wade
• Vietnam
• Timeline
• Timeline
• Bombing Tonnage
• Vietcong Tunnels
• Monk in flames
• Troop Strength in Vietnam
• Vietnam history
• France held Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh –Vietminh took North
• French want out, 1954 Geneva: free elections
• US CIA installs Diem who refuses elections
• Diem was vicious…Vietcong developed
• CIA helps SV military to overthrow Diem
• Kennedy assasinated, Johnson now Pres
• Vietnam (cont’d)
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution "police action"
• Johnson: Americanization of war
• More Americans drafted
• Resistance to the war grows; Protest rallies
• More than 30,000 fled to Canada
• Johnson – we are winning
• Jan. ’68: Tet Offensive
• Loss of widespread public support of war
• Tet Offensive
• Protests started with "teach-ins" in 1965 and grew to tidal wave proportions.
• Draft resistors fled to Canada.
• Burning of draft cards. "Hell no we won’t go."
• Americans felt pangs of conscience at the spectacle of their countrymen burning peasant huts and blistering civilians with napalm.
• Credibility gap Sen. Fulbright, Ark held hearings 66-67 antiwar
• Def. Sec. McNamara quietly eased out of the cabinet. "We were wrong, terribly wrong"
• Johnson used FBI against the peace movement (like totalitarian state’s secret police…)
• HE used the CIA to spy on domestic antiwar protesters
• 1968 Dem Convention Humphrey (Bobby assassinated)
• Pigs vs. antiwar
• Daley had barb wire around convention center
• Ho Ho Ho chi Mihn
• The whole world is watching
• Eugene McCarthy—not even able to get anti plank on platform

NIXON

• 1969 Nixon inauguration
• "Vietnamization"
• 1970 he ordered US troops into Cambodia
• Kent State, Jackson State
• Senate repealed Gulf of Tonkin resolution
• 1972 Nixon landslide McGovern v "Vietnamization" (down to 30,000)
• "Peace with honor" cease fire
• 50-60s Culture Quips
• 1960 Kennedy Nixon debates
• 1950s surge in home construction one in every 4 American homes built in 1950s, most suburbia
• 50s…passage from an industrial to a post-industrial age…more white than blue collar workers
• Cult of domesticity Ozzie and Harriet Leave it to Beaver
• Betty Friedan Feminine Mystique 1963
• Postwar generation portrayed as a pack of conformists
• David Riesman the Lonely Crowd
• Beatniks

NIXON

• Nixon Humphrey Wallace
• Promise to end war - Cambodia
• War Powers Resolution 1973
• Détente
• Nixon Doctrine-withdraw from oseas
• 1972 Reelection
• Watergate
• China

FORD

• Replaced Spiro Agnew as Nixon’s VP
• Ford selected Nelson Rockefeller as his VP: first time in US history that neither Pres nor VP had been elected by the public.
• Ford pardons Nixon (deal?)
• OPEC (Arab nations orchestrated an oil boycott, increasing gas prices…)
• Inflation
• Whip inflation now!
• Plan 2 "Tight money" Cut gov spending, increase interest rates
• Worse recession since the Depression
• 1973 cease fire in Vietnam broke down…Ford asked Congress for $722 million to help S Vietnam
• Congress said no
• 1976 Ford is defeated by Dem. Jimmy Carter.

CIVIL RIGHTS GAINS

• The civil rights movement ended de jure segregation by bringing about legal protection for the civil rights of all Americans.
• Congress passed the most important civil rights legislation since Reconstruction, including the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which ended discrimination in housing.
• After school segregation ended, the numbers of African Americans who finished high school and who went to college increased significantly. This in turn led to better jobs and business opportunities.
• Another accomplishment of the civil rights movement was to give African Americans greater pride in their racial identity.
• Many African Americans adopted African-influenced styles and proudly displayed symbols of African history and culture.
• College students demanded new Black Studies programs so they could study African-American history and literature.
• In the entertainment world, the "color bar" was lowered as African Americans began to appear more frequently in movies and on television shows and commercials.
• In addition, African Americans made substantial political gains.
• By 1970, an estimated two-thirds of eligible African Americans were registered to vote, and a significant increase in African-American elected officials resulted.
• The number of African Americans holding elected office grew from fewer than 100 in 1965 to more than 7,000 in 1992.
• Many civil rights activists went on to become political leaders, among them Reverend Jesse Jackson, who sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1984 and 1988;
• Vernon Jordan, who led voter-registration drives that enrolled about 2 million African Americans;
• Andrew Young, who has served as UN ambassador and Atlanta’s mayor.

CARTER

• Cyicism toward government
• Carter too asked Americans to cut their consumption of gas and oil…
• OPEC again pronounces a price hike,
• US standard of living slipped from 1^st to 5^th
• Interest rates approached 20%, inflation exceeded 10%
• Stagflation (inflation and recession at the same time)
• Carter organized Department of Energy, Three Mile Island (Pa)
• 1978 Bakke reverse discrimination affirmative action begins decline
• Hostage crisis in Iran; Americans held for more than a year…
• High point: Israel-Egypt peace agreement (had fought 1967 war…)

REAGAN

• Supply side economics
• "Trickle down"
• Reaganomics
• Large scale deregulation (banking, environment, industry)

GEORGE H. BUSH

CLINTON

GW BUSH