NOTES

Bartlett High School World History Mr. Pahl    Chapter 19 French Revolution

19.2 The moderate phase of the I. National Assembly (1789–1791)

• Peasant unrest and anger
• Factions
• Moderates-Lafayette the National Guard, with tri-color
• Paris Commune-more radical; they replaced the royalist government; some wanted end of monarchy
• Storming of the Bastille put National Assembly into action
• Aug 4, 1789 Feudalism abolished; end of hunting privileges, exemption from taxes
• Working toward a key Enlightenment goal—the equality of all citizens before the law.
• Assembly issued Declaration of the Rights of Man Locke-defending the natural rights of citizens
• Its principles were captured in the slogan of the French Revolution, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity."
• Equality before the law for all males
• Women march on Versailles, Marie Antoinette
• Forcible move to Paris for the Royal family
• Assembly sells church lands
• Church put under state control
• Pope and peasant condemned, creating separation of Paris/city and provinces
• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to flee
• Most royalty outside France
• Prussia and Austria threatened to intervene to save the French monarchy
• sans-culottes called for a republic and end of the monarchy
• Sans culottes aligned with Jacobins (middle class intellectuals) in the Assembly
• Radicals took control of assembly
• Eager to spread the revolution and destroy tyranny abroad, the Legislative Assembly declared war first on Austria, then on Prussia, Britain, and other states. The great powers expected to win an easy victory against France, a land divided by revolution. In fact, however, the fighting that began in 1792 lasted on and off until 1815.

• Bloody
• As old order was pushed out, 4000 streets renamed
• Palace stormed, king’s guards killed
• Prisoners killed
• A new radical government replaced the Assembly: II. The National Convention
• Abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic
• Louis XVI sentenced to death, also Marie Antoinette
• royalists and priests led peasants in rebellion against the government in provinces
• In Paris, the sans-culottes demanded relief from food shortages and inflation.
• Committee of Public Safety  To deal with the threats to France, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety. Absolute rule
• The Committee prepared France for all-out war, issuing a levée en masse, or mass levy that required all citizens to contribute to the war effort
• The Reign of Terror  Robespierre took over Committee on Public Safety. The guillotine
• 40,000 Nobles, clergy, middle class, peasants and sans culottes
• Robespierre: "The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror…. If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror."
• The Convention turned on the Committee on Public Safety. Robespierre beheaded.
• III. The 5-man Directory, 1795-1799. Two-house legislature elected by male citizens of property. The middle-class and professional people of the bourgeoisie were the dominant forces
• Directory suppressed peasants in bread riot. Dictatorial.
• Emigres returning, welcomed by Catholics; pressure for return to constitutional monarchy
• Women’s rights. As the revolution progressed, women's right to express their views in public came under attack. In 1793, a committee of the National Convention declared that women lacked "the moral and physical strength necessary to practice political rights." Women's revolutionary clubs were banned and violators were arrested.
• Nationalism grew
• De-Christianizing France

• 1799 He overthrows the 5 man Directory and replaces it with the IV. Consulate.
• Napoleon the First Consul.
• 1802 Consul for life
• 1805 Emperor
• At each step on his rise to power, Napoleon had held a plebiscite
• Builds roads, industry, schools, made peach with Catholic Church
• Urged émigrés to return, made jobs open to talent
• But Napoleon favored stability and order over indiv rights
• Napoleon controlled much of Europe through forceful diplomacy
• France Versus Britain  Britain alone remained outside Napoleon's European empire. With only a small army, Britain relied on its sea power to stop Napoleon's drive to rule the continent. In 1805, Napoleon prepared to invade England. But at the Battle of Trafalgar, fought off the southwest coast of Spain, British admiral Horatio Nelson smashed a French fleet.   
• With an invasion ruled out, Napoleon struck at Britain's lifeblood, its commerce. He waged economic warfare through the Continental System, which closed European ports to British goods. Britain responded with its own blockade of European ports. A blockade involves shutting off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out. During their long struggle, both Britain and France seized neutral ships suspected of trading with the other side

19.5 End of an Era