8.1 Charlemagne Promoting learning

New Attacks

8.3 Benedictine rule 530 Monte Cassini

Bede

St. Patrick

St. Augustine set by Pope Gregory

Hildegarde

Reform corruption and moral decay

Revival of Benedictine rule by Abbot Berno of Cluny – Cluniac program

Gregory VII in 1073

Franciscans

Dominicans poverty fighting heretics education

Beguines accepted poorer women ministered to the poor

Jews Sephardic (Spain) and Ashkenazim (n Europe – "German" Jews)

8.4 Agricultural revolution

Commercial Revolution

Social changes "The use of money undermined serfdom…By 1300 most peasants in w Europe were tenant farmers, who paid rent for their land, or hired farm laborers." A new middle class

Craft v. Merchant guilds

9.1 Norman Conquest Battle of Hastings 1066

The issue with English King Henry and Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury

King John’s trouble with the Church

Magna Carta - Parliament

French King Philip IV tried to collect new taxes from French clergy; led to clash with Pope Boniface

Boniface: "God set popes over kings and kingdoms" He got beat up, died

Papal court to Avignon

Estates General did not become powerful like Parliament

9.2