Chapter 9 PowerPoint

Feudalism…

•The Middle Ages in Europe were governed by feudalism

•Feudalism was a set of social arrangements that gave order to Medieval society:

•KingßàNoble lordßàVassalßàKnightßàSerf

•People accepted this distinction of roles, liked fixed social classes, and did not protest against it much…

•But now when we are in a market economy that respect for the different divisions is not as fixed…people can move up in the social classes more easily…and there is not as much respect between classes

Unifying Nations

How did national unity work in

•England?

•France?

•Germany?

Increasing Royal Power-How?

•Henry II English king: Established royal treasury, extended law

•William the Conqueror

English king: Domesday Book, tax collecting

•The Capetians

–French rulers: made the throne hereditary, expanded lands they ruled, won Church support, built effective bureaucracy to collect taxes and impose law

•Philip Augustus

–French king: appointed loyal government officials, organized a standing army, collected a national tax, increased the land he ruled

•Louis IX

–French king: won loyalty of his subjects, expanded the courts, outlawed private wars, ended serfdom

How NOT to increase royal power

•Frederick II inherited the throne of Germany (the Holy Roman Empire)

•His grandfather, Frederick I, arranged a marriage for him with Constance, from Sicily

•This was done to help form an alliance between Germany and Italy: (Fred I was unsuccessful at that)

•This kept him far from Germany

•Therefore he had to give in to his nobles often

•This gave them much power

•Germany was not united for another 600 years

Vocabulary

•Scholasticism

•Common law

•Vernacular

•Schism

•Crusade

•Clergy

•Interdict

•excommunication

Magna Carta

•King John angered his own nobles with oppressive taxes and other abuses of power.

•In 1215, a group of rebellious barons forced him to sign the Magna Carta, or great charter.

•Rights of townspeople and Church-- “by legal judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.” This famous clause formed the basis of the right now known as “due process of law.” 

•The king also agreed not to raise new taxes without first consulting his Great Council of lords and clergy.

Magna Carta

•The Magna Carta - 2 very important ideas

• First, it asserted that the nobles had certain rights. Over time, the rights that had been granted to nobles were extended to all English citizens.

•Second, the Magna Carta made it clear that the monarch must obey the law

•Beginning of the idea of Parliament

Reconquista

•Ferdinand and Isabella, the Inquisition against Jews, Muslims and “heretic” Christians

Concordat of Worms

•Pope Gregory VII (reformer, wanted church independent) v. Henry IV...barefoot in snow

•The Concordat of Worms was a treaty between the Church and the Holy Roman emperors

•It settled the disputes over the investiture of church officials:

•Church: Has the sole power to elect bishops and give them spiritual authority

•Emperor, state: Has the power to invest them with fiefs

Church State Conflicts

•Who will appoint bishops?

•Should a member of the clergy be tried in a royal court (court of the King) or by the Church?

•When King John of England appointed an Archbishop of Canterbury w/out the Pope’s approval, Innocent III excommunicated him and placed England under interdict.

•Innocent III claimed authority over all rulers; persecuted the Albigenses

Seljuk Turks Invade Byzantine Empire

The Crusades-Byzantium calls Pope Urban II for help

Long Term Effects of Crusades

•wider world view

•increased trade

•increased Church power

•increased the power of kings

•encouraged the growth of a money economy which undermined feudalism and serfdom.

Why did a revival of learning take place during the High Middle Ages?

•increased prosperity freed some people from daily toil and allowed them to study

•agricultural improvements meant fewer people needed to farm and could study

•the Church needed better-educated clergy

•rulers needed educated people to run growing bureaucracies

•Greek knowledge was being translated and was reaching Europe.

Gothic v Roman Architecture

•Romanesque churches:
low, with thick walls, tiny slits for windows, heavy roofs, and round, squat towers.

Middle Ages a time of decline

•the Black Death killed a high percentage of the population (1 in 3 people; more than any war)

•(Flagellists; Jews blamed…)

•Wars

•the social order broke down

•the economy failed and production declined (How? P. 230 Economic results…)

•the Church lost its authority and was riddled with scandal

Pope Boniface VIII, 1302
Secular and Spiritual…which is which?

•“The apostles said ‘behold here are two swords.’ Both swords, the spiritual and the secular, are under the power of the Church. One should be used for the Church, the other by the Church; the one by the hand of the priest, the other by the hand of kings and knights, but at the will of the priest. One sword moreover ought to be under the other, and the secular authority should be subjected to the spiritual. The spiritual power has to establish the earthly power, and judge it if it be not good. But if a member of the clergy is accused of a crime he should be judged by the Church. The authority to judge, although exercised through man, is not human but rather divine.”

Divisions in the Church, 14^th Century

•Priests died in the plague

•“Why did God spare some and kill others?”

•Pope element V moved papacy to Avignon

•Called the Babylonian Captivity of Church

•Lavish court, worldy, pleasure loving

•Reformers elected their own pope in Rome

•John Wycliffe, Oxford professor, Jan Hus:

•The Bible, not the Church, source of truth

The Hundred Years War

•Between France and England

•Over English land held in France

•Technology

–Gave first advantage to England—the longbow

–But the French—the cannon, pushed them back

•Joan of Arc, war heroine, martyr, saint

•Solidified the growing nationalism of both countries

Medieval Universities, compared to today

Medieval Literature

•Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas examines Christian teachings in the light of reason. Faith and reason are in harmony.

•Song of Roland, heroic song, praising a knight who sacrifices his life in Muslim Spain

•Dante, Divine Comedy, journey into hell and purgatory

•Chaucer, Canterbury Tales

•Christine de Pizan, The City of Ladies. Examines achievements of women, and men’s negative views of women.

1400s

•Europe recovers from plague

•Population expanded, manufacturing grew

•Increased trade

•Italian cities flourished as trade centers

•European cloth to Mid East for spices, sugar, cotton

•New technologies: water power to crush ore and blast furnaces to make cast iron

•On way to Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration