Chapter 16 NOTES

Exploration and Colonization

•* What advances in technology helped advance exploration?

•* What nation led the way in exploration? Why?

Questions

•* Why did Europeans want to find a new trading route to Asia?

•* Why did the Spanish bring enslaved Africans to the Americas?

Vocab

•* What is a tariff?

•* What is an entrepreneur?

Questions to get answers for

•* Explain the main differences in the economic systems of capitalism and feudalism

•* Explain the causes of the decline of native American populations when the Spanish came.

Explorer Questions

•* Who were the Conquistadors and why did they come to the Americas?

•* Who was the first to sail around the world?

Conquistadors

•* Who conquered the Incan Empire in Peru? The Aztec Empire in Mexico?

•* Explain how so few were able to conquer so many

Columbian Exchange

•* Describe the Columbian exchange and name some items that moved from the New World to the Old, and from the Old to the New. How did it effect world population?

•* Explain and diagram the "triangular trade" which involved the institution of slavery. What was the middle passage?

Stuff to Know

•* Explain the social structure in Spanish America, including peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattoes

•* Where did the English settle in the New World? The French? The Spanish?

KNOW THESE FOR SURE

•* What powers clashed in the French and Indian War, and where was it fought?

•* What nation destroyed the Spanish Armada in 1588, and what was its symbolic importance?

KNOW THIS!

•* What is a joint-stock company and what does it accomplish?

•* What is mercantilism and how does it relate to colonies, gold and silver, and exports?

16.2 Remaking the Americas - Portugal

•Council of the Indians in Spain governed the viceroys and audiencias (councils) who ruled in their 5 provinces in the New World

•Catholic Church very powerful

•Franciscan, Jesuit, and other missionaries converted thousands of natives to Catholicism

•Spain required all exports be made to Spain (not Europe or even other colonies); main exports: silver and gold

•Sugar cane (sugar, molasses, rum) had to be grown on plantations with many workers

16.2

•At first, Spanish monarchs granted the conquistadors encomiendas, the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area.

•Disease, starvation, and cruel treatment caused catastrophic declines in the population

More 16.2

•Bartolomé de las Casas  condemned the evils of the encomienda system. Las Casas detailed the evils to the King…

•Spain passed the New Laws of the Indies in 1542, forbidding enslavement of Native Americans. Spain-too far away to enforce

•Many Native Americans were forced to become peons, workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off a debt

Bringing Workers From Africa

•To fill the labor shortage, Las Casas urged colonists to import workers from Africa. Africans were immune to tropical diseases, he said, and had skills in farming, mining, and metalworking.

•Las Casas later regretted that advice…

The “need” for slaves…

•As demand for sugar products skyrocketed, the settlers imported millions of Africans as slaves.

•In time, Africans and their American-born descendants greatly outnumbered European settlers in the West Indies and parts of South America.

Spanish Cities in Colonies

•Spanish settlers preferred to live in towns and cities. The population of Mexico City grew so quickly that by 1550 it was the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world.

•Colonial cities were centers of government, commerce, and European culture. Around the central plaza, or square, stood government buildings and a Spanish-style church. Broad avenues and public monuments symbolized European power and wealth.

Education

•To meet the Church's need for educated priests, the colonies built universities. The University of Mexico was established as early as 1551. A dozen Spanish American universities were busy educating young men long before Harvard, the first university in the 13 English colonies, was founded in 1636

•Blending of culture…

New Wealth

•In the 1500s, the wealth of the Americas helped make Spain the most powerful country in Europe. Its lofty position fueled envy among its European rivals. Many English and Dutch shared the resentment that French king Francis I felt when he declared, “I should like to see Adam's will, wherein he divided the Earth between Spain and Portugal.”

Privateers

•European nations challenged Spain's power… smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists.

•Some pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments. England's Queen Elizabeth, for example, knighted Francis Drake for his daring raids on Spanish ships

16.3 Struggle for N America

•Players: (Besides Spain: France, Netherlands, England, Sweden)

•At first, Europeans disappointed.

•By 1700 France and England controlled large parts of NA

•French called Canada New France.

•1608 Champlain built first permanent settlement in Quebec

N. America

•Jesuits arrived, converting Indians

•F fur traders. Soaring demand for fur in Europe.

•Late 1600s, Louis XIV wanted to boost tax revenues

•He sent Catholics, women, settlers.

•He appointed officials to oversee justice

•French forts stretched from Quebec to Louisiana

N America

•1607 English built Jamestown

•Starvation, disease. Headway made with tobacco cultivation

•1620 Pilgrims Plymouth Seeking religious freedom

•Mayflower Compact early self-government

•Other colonies: some commercial ventures like VA

•Others religious haves: MA, PA, MD

•North-farming, ship-building

English Tradition

•South-plantation economies where eventually enslaved Africans (and descendants) outnumbered Europeans.

•Parliament passed laws to regulate American colonies

•While there were royal governors, English colonists had large degree of self-government

•This from the tradition of “freeborn Englishmen”

•English seized the Dutch colony of New Netherland and renamed it New York

West Indies Rivalry

•Competition in the Caribbean. French-Haiti English-Barbados, Jamaica

•These islands surpassed the whole of NA in exports to Europe, mostly sugar.

•British French Rivalry

•Called the Seven Years war—fought in NA, India, Caribbean

•In the English colonies it was called the French and Indian War

British-French Clash in NA

•Ohio Valley clash

•British and colonial troops fought the French in Canada, taking Quebec, then Montreal.

•British won control of Canada.

•Treaty of Paris, 1763 ends the war

•France gives up Canada and its lands E of Mississip

•The Treaty of Paris gave British dominance in NA

•Battles with Native Americans

•Superior weapons & disease gave British victory.

16.5 Changes in Europe

•The Columbian Exchange

•From the Americas, Europeans brought home a variety of foods, including tomatoes, pumpkins, and peppers. Perhaps the most important foods from the Americas, however, were corn and the potato. Easy to grow, the potato helped feed Europe's rapidly growing population. Corn spread all across Europe and to Africa and Asia, as well.

•At the same time, Europeans carried a wide variety of plants and animals to the Americas. Foods included wheat and grapes from Europe itself, and bananas and sugar

Columbian Exchange

•cane from Africa and Asia. Cattle, pigs, goats, and chickens, unknown before the European encounter, added protein to the Native American diet. Horses and donkeys also changed the lives of Native Americans. The horse, for example, gave the nomadic peoples of western North America a new, more effective way to hunt buffalo.

•The Columbian Exchange sparked the migration of millions of people. Each year, shiploads of European settlers sailed to the Americas. Europeans also settled on the fringes of Africa and Asia. The Atlantic slave trade forcibly brought millions of Africans to the Americas. The Native American population declined drastically.

•The vast movement of peoples led to the transfer of ideas and technologies. Language also traveled. Words such as pajama (from India) or hammock and canoe (from the Americas) entered European languages.

Commercial Revolution.

•Price revolution. Rise of prices in Europe. Inflation.

•increase in population

•increase in demand for goods and services

•goods relatively scarce

•increased flow of gold and silver, made into coins

•Capitalism grows

•Entrepreneurs

•Bookeeping

•Insurance

•Joint stock companies

•“Putting out” system – to bypass merchant guilds

•Merchant capitalist distributes raw wool to peasant cottages

•Cottagers spun the wool into thread, then wove thread to cloth

•Merchants bought the cloth from the peasants

•Sent it to city for finishing and dyeing.

•Merchant then sold the finished product for a profit

•This system separated capital from labor for the first time.

•New Economic Policy

Mercantilism

•to strengthen national economies

•Nation’s wealth measured in gold and silver treasure

•Export more goods than import

•Overseas empires became necessary to mercantilism

•Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

•Strict laws on colonies: no manufacturing, no trading with other countries

•Sold monopolies to large producers

•Tariffs imposed on imported goods

Lives of Ordinary People

•Nobles hurt by new price rises because their wealth was in land

•Merchants investing in overseas ventures acquired wealth

•Workers in towns and cities hurt by inflation; poverty and discontent

Destinations of Slaves

Triangular Trade

Asante Kingdom

Spanish routes to New World

Columbian Exchange

•1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing the Western Hemisphere

•The Columbian Exchange

TEST

•Three Questions from each of the 4 sections of the chap 15 handout

•The maps I have showed you

•These notes

•16.4 Turbulent Centuries in Africa

•European encounters with Africans begin 1400s.

•Portugese- W Africa

•Also attacked coastal cities in E Africa and took over trade from the Arabs who they expelled

•The Dutch, English and French established forts in W Africa

•They exchanged muskets, tools, and cloth for gold, ivory, and hides.

•Atlantic Slave Trade

•Slaves became most important article of trade

•

•Arabs used slaves

•Slave trade began in 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s Empire

•Next 300 years grew into a huge and profitable venture

•Each year, tens of thousands of enslaved Africans- sugar and tobacco plantations

•Europeans seldom took part in slave raids.

•African traders took captives from inland.

•Exchanged for rum, tobacco, metalwork, textiles, weapons and gunpowder

•Horrors of the Middle Passage

•In the 1500s, they estimate, about 2,000 enslaved Africans were sent to the Americas each year. In the 1780s, when the slave trade was at its peak, that number topped 80,000 a year. By the 1800s, when the overseas slave trade was finally stopped, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. Another 2 million probably died under the brutal conditions of the voyage between Africa and the Americas

•African Leaders Resist

•Some tried to stop or slow down the slave trade

•King Affonso, ruler of Kongo.

•Had contact with Christian missionaries from Portugal

•He wanted to build a modern Christian state in Kongo

•He called on Portugal to help, sent his sons there for education

•Portugese came; offered such high prices for slaves

•Even missionaries began to buy slaves

•Affonso’s stand against slavery could not hold…

•Late 1700s another African ruler, the almamy of Futa Toro in Senegal

•Tried to halt the slave trade

•No more success than Affonso

•Almamy returned French gifts, would not let slave trade take place

•Asante Kingdom, 1600s-1700s

•Osei Tutu…right to rule from Heaven

•Royal monopolies on gold and slaves

•Usman dan Fodio used Sharia

•Fulani people northern Nigeria

•Islamic states 1780-1880s

•1652 Boers move into S Africa pushing out natives

•Then the Boers pushed north from the Cape colony, fighting Shaka and the Zulus

•In 1815, the Cape Colony passed from the Dutch to the British. Many Boers resented British laws that abolished slavery and otherwise interfered in their way of life. To escape British rule, they loaded their goods into covered wagons and started north. In the late 1830s, several thousand Boer families joined this “Great Trek.”

•As the migrating Boers came into contact with Zulus, fighting quickly broke out. At first, Zulu regiments held their own. But in the end, Zulu spears could not defeat Boer guns. The struggle for control of the land would rage until the end of the century