Notes from Mr. Pahl on the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Reformation

What was the Renaissance?
A time of creativity and change
A change in the way people viewed themselves and the world.
New attitudes toward learning and culture
Copernicus and Columbus represented the R spirit
Humanism, with man at center, not God
 

Medieval v Renaissance
What was the difference in outlook between medieval scholars and Renaissance thinkers?
Medieval scholars: debated the nature of spiritual matters (How many angels can dance on a pin?)
Renaissance thinkers: human experience in the “here and now,” the human spirit
.
Why Italian beginning?
The interest in Roman heritage, culture
Its cities grew prosperous from trade
The Medici family bankers
Political and economic leadership of a new class of merchants
Medicis - The Medicis lived in Florence
Florence symbolized the Renaissance
Gifted poets, architects, scholars, artists flowed there
Medicis were a banking family
Among Europe’s wealthiest
Gained control of Florentine government
Lorenzo Medici, was a generous PATRON

Citizen of Florence…
“This century,” he wrote, “like a golden age has restored to light the liberal arts, which were almost extinct: grammar, poetry, rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architecture, music.”
Does this sound like the Dark Ages?

Time frame of the Renaissance: 1300-1500 AD
 

Renaissance in Italy…
Paintings, sculpture, architecture
Still religious figures
Greek and Roman (classical) forms
Perspective, creating 3D effect
Studied human anatomy, used models
More accurate, realistic than the medieval era
Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa
Michaelangelo, Sistine Chapel
Raphael, School of Athens
 

Handbooks for R Success
Baldassare Castiglione. The Book of the Courtier. The ideal courtier was well-educated, well-mannered, aristocratic and master of many fields.
Athletic but not overactive
Good at games but no gambler
Knows lit. and history but is not arrogant
The ideal woman offers balance to men
Graceful and kind, lively but reserved.
Pure, but not prudish; and beautiful
 

Machiavelli, The Prince
The high ideals of the Middle Ages are gone, no chivalry here
M stresses the use of ruthless power
The end justifies the means
Honesty is nice, but you will accomplish more if you can craftily manipulate the minds of men.
In an sense, M’s work begins the modern age

General Causes of the Renaissance
Increased trade
Increased wealth
Reawakened interest in the culture of ancient Rome
The growth of humanism

Humanistic beliefs…
people should develop their individual talents
people should try to fulfill all of their abilities.
people can be judged by their own particular merits.
art should focus on human themes
Areas of study included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history based on Greek and Roman texts
Painting, sculpture, architecture
Golden Age of the Arts
LEONARDO DaVinci.
Artist, inventor (flying machines, undersea boats), scientist, Studied human anatomy
Mona Lisa
MICHAELANGELO
Many-sided genius: sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet.
Ancient Greek style
Sistine Chapel
RAPHAEL
Portraits of Madonna (mother of Christ)
School of Athens w/ Plato and Aristotle. He includes the faces of Michaelangelo, Leonardo and himself!
Mona Lisa
School of Athens…Perspective

Albrecht Durer
“German Leonardo”
Studied the Italian masters
Tried to spread Italian Renaissance in Germany

Northern Humanists
Desiderius Erasmus. Dutch humanist. Translated new Greek New Testament; The Praise of Folly, uses humor to attack church
Sir Thomas More. Put to death for failing to go along with Henry VIII. Utopia: Peace, educated, no one idle
Francois Rabelais (France). Monk, Scholar, author, physician.
Cervantes. Don Quixote Mocks chivalry

William Shakespeare (England)

Vocab, Chapter 14
Patron
Humanism
Perspective
Indulgence
Recant
Predestination
Theocracy
Annul
Ghetto

352-3 Describe the Printing Revolution and its effects:
Effects of the invention of the printing press
It helped the ideas of the Renaissance to spread more quickly
It helped the increase of learning
It made books cheaper and more widely available
Printing Press

Abuses in the Church…
Popes competed for political power
Fought wars to protect Papal States
Lived a lavish lifestyle
Selling indulgences as pardons for sin

INDULGENCES
354 Describe what an indulgence is and the history of the use of indulgences:
Tetzel, in 1517, set up in Wittenberg
Sold indulgences to gain money for New Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome
Indulgences assure entrance into heaven
Luther was incensed…
Wrote the 95 theses
The Diet of Worms
The Pope excommunicated Luther

Comparing Catholic-Lutheran Doctrine

Corruption in Church
Machiavellian reasons –seize church prop.
356 The Peasant’s Revolt
Peasants hoped to gain Luther’s support for social and economic change—
Using Luther’s name and ideas they revolted, asking for an end to serfdom.
100,000 peasants killed
The Peace of Augsburg 1555. Charles V tried to force L princes back to the Catholic Ch. – Let the princes decide…

Teachings of John Calvin
T.otal depravity
U.nlimited salvation
L.imited atonement
I.rresistible grace
P.erseverence of the saints
PREDESTINATION. Saved and reprobate

Describe the nature of the church that Calvin set up in Geneva, Switzerland
Austere, simple, theocracy
What qualities are Calvinists known for?
Work, discipline, thrift, honesty, morality
Describe the spread of Calvinism:
Huguenots
Scotland, John Knox
Netherlands
Religious wars all across Europe

Anabaptists
Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, Amish
King Henry the VIII had received honor from the Pope. What led Henry to want to break from the Catholic Church?
What plan did he form to accomplish the break with the Church?
Stirs up English feelings against the Pope
Then he would take over the English Catholic Church
Put church in Henry’s control

Reformation in England

359-360 What was the “Act of Supremacy”?
What did Henry do with the properties that had belonged to the church?
Shut them down and seized them.
How did he get support for the new Anglican Church (Church of England) which he started?
Offered aristocrats and others a share of the gains…

Tell about the reign of each of these monarchs in England at this time:
Edward VI. 10 year old son of Henry VIII
Mary Tudor. Half sister to Edward VI, inherited the throne when Edward died. She was a pious Catholic.
Elizabeth I. Mary’s Protestant half-sister, took throne when Mary died.


England and Counter Reformation
What was Elizabeth’s religious policy?
Religious compromise, Book of Common Prayer made more acceptable to Catholics
Explain these parts of the Catholic Reformation, which was in response to the Protestant Reformation:
The Council of Trent, 1545
The Inquisition: Ruthless church court
The Jesuits. Combat heresy and advance the Catholic faith
Teresa of Avila. Set up strict orders of nuns, mystic spiritual writings

362-3 Explain the Persecution that took place by Catholics & Protestants at this time.
Witch Hunts
Jews
What was Luther’s attitude toward the Jews?
Charles V’s attitude toward them?
In the mid-1600s religious issues for war began to give way to issues of what?

GALILEO
14.5 The Scientific Revolution
The new way of thinking about the physical universe in the Mid-1500s
What theory did Europeans hold about the Earth? It was the center of the universe

Earth centered view of universe

Who proposed a new theory, and what was that theory? Copernicus - heliocentric
Who found evidence to support this theory? Tycho Brae, a Danish astronomer and his assistant Johannes Kepler
Whose work with telescopes caused an uproar? Explain….
Galileo- brought before the Inquisition
Developing the heliocentric view
Sir Isaac Newton
Gravity
The Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)
Linked physics and astronomy
His ideas held fast for 200 years

What is the scientific method?
State problem
Gather info
Form a hypothesis
Experiment
Record and analyze
State a conclusion
Keep repeating…

Scientific Advances
Chemistry. Robert Boyle distinguished between elements and compounds. Chemistry was freed from the magical notions of alchemy
Medicine. Wm Harvey – circulation of blood
367 Explain the part that Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon played in the revolution of scientific thought:
Bacon stressed experiment and observation He wanted practical technologies
Descartes stressed human reasoning as the best road to understanding. “I think, therefore I am.”
Scientific Revolution paved way for the Enlightenment.