AP
- PowerPoint on Chapter 19, Strayer, unabridged
- Notes on Mr. Pahl's Review of Chapter 4, India and China
- Notes on Mr. Pahl's Review of Chapter 5, Ancient Greece
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| Below...Notes from Mr. Pahl's previous World History classes... | |
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ARCHIVES
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Rousseau
The Social Contract” born free, yet chains
People good but corrupted by unequal dist of prop
The Discourse on the Sciences and Arts
General will. Good of the community as a whole
(Individual should be subordinate to community)
Diderot - philosophe
Encylopedia, 28 vols
Wanted to change people’s way of thinking
Denounced slavery, praised freedom of expr
Attacked divine right and traditional religions
Gov attacked it, Pope threatened excomm
Voltaire - philosophe
Against inequality, injustice, superstition
“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right
to say it.”
Exiled, imprisoned, angered gov, Church
Locke and Hobbes
Both lived at the time of English Civil War
Hobbes-the Stuarts Locke-the Puritans
Both agreed in H’s concept of social contract:
Give up freedom of state of nature for gov
They differ on views of human nature
They differ on best kind of gov:
Hobbes; strong monarchy, impose order
Locke; limited power, accepted by citizens
Locke
People basically reasonable and moral
Two Treatises
They have natural rights; by birth, nature
Gov has obligation to governed: protect rights
If gov fails, people have right to overthrow
Hobbes
Leviathan
Man in the state of nature
Social contract
Only a powerful government can ensure order
Montesquieu
Spirit of the Laws
Separation of Powers: Exec, Legis, Judicial
Checks and balances
Criticized absolute monarchy
Mary Wollstonecraft
Philosophes: Women’s natural rights?
be a mother!
Wollstonecraft: women have been excluded from the social contract
Vindication of the Rights of Women
Education will given women tools to participate equally with men
Physiocrats
Focused on economics
Rejected mercantilism
Urged policy of laissez faire
Supported free trade
Extractive industries bring wealth; mining, ag
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776
Free market, natural forces of supply-demand
“invisible hand”
Mercantilism v Physiocrats
Mercantilism
Physiocrats
For benefit of the country
For benefit of individuals
State controls
Laissez Faire
Tariffs
Free Trade
Get gold, silver for national wealth
Extractive Industries bring wealth
Control colonies
Give colonies freedom
Enlightenment Ideas v. Middle Ages
Enlightenment
Middle Ages
Most qualified
Divine right rule
Equality
Strict class system
Right the wrongs of injustice –happiness here Heavenly reward
for earthly suffering
Reason on earth
Church-Bible
Reason, science
Tradition
Freedom of speech and thought
Gov&Church censorship
18.2 Spreading the E
Diderot's Encyclopedia, coffee houses, Salons
Enlightened despots:
Frederick the Great, Prussia
*Tolerated religious differences
Catherine the Great, Russia
*Spoke against serfdom, gave nobles rights
*But ruthlessly crushed a serfs revolt
Joseph II, Austria, most radical
*Chose middle class officials instead of nobles
*Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews in his Cath
*Put Church under royal control
Thomas Malthus
Saw the bad effects of rapid urbanization
1798 “Essay on the Princ. Of Population”
Power of population greater than power of Earth to produce food
Physiocrats
The Enlightenment economic thinkers
Natural law should prevail in the market
Government - keep your hands off
Laissez-Faire
Middle class leaders embraced it in early 1800s…main philosophy of CAPITALISM
Main proponent of L-F: Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations, 1776
Free market - unregulated exchange of goods and services -- helps everyone, not
just the rich.
F.M. would produce more goods at lower price, affordable for all
David Ricardo
With Malthus: the poor have too many children
“Iron Law of Wages”
Wages high--> more children
More children ---> bigger labor pool
Bigger labor pool----->?Lower wages
Utilitarians
Jeremy Bentham
“Greatest happiness for the greatest number”
Laws or actions should be judged by their Utility.
Did these actions provide more pleasure than pain? If so then they are
utilitarian
John Stuart Mill reexamined the idea of unrestricted competition in the free m.
Let government step in to help the hard lives of the working class.
Emergence of Socialism
A radically different solution than free market capitalism
Instead of focus on individual rights, . socialists focused on society as a
whole
S. condemned capitalism, which S. believed caused the gap between rich-poor
People as a whole (state) would own the means of production (farms, factories…)
S. grew out of the Enligh faith in progress
Utopians
All shared in the work
All land commonly owned
Robert Owen: New Lanark, Scotland
No child labor
Treated employees well
Karl Marx and Communism
KM condemned Utopians
They were dreamers
Instead, “scientific socialism”
Teamed with F. Engels
1848 KM and FE “The Communist Manifesto” workers, unite, revolt!
Economics the driving force in history
Class struggle: proletariat v bourgeoise
Ultimately a classless society, no gov’t
Judging Marxism
Worldwide impact:
Russia, China, E. Europe, Cuba
Political Parties in W. Europe
Marx predicted the misuse of the proletariat would set off worldwide rev
Instead standards of living improved worldwide -- Marxism had little appeal
He thought communist ideals would transcend national boundaries
Capitalism vs. Socialism
Private ownership of land and businesses
Public (state) ownership of land and businesses
Free enterprise (producers can produce what they want)
The state decides what gets produced and who will produce it
No government intervention in the market
Total control of the market by the government
Initiative, ingenuity and effort are keys in who will be successful
Proletariat-Bourgeouise conflict is the driving force in history…